Long Covid and post viral syndrome should try this

 Tiejun Tang

A recent Meta-Analysis study showed that global estimated pooled prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition was 43%. Fatigue was the most common symptom reported with a prevalence of 23%, followed by memory problems 14% ^[1]

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is the best herb for qi tonifying. It has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for release fatigue which is due to qi deficiency. It also showed a satisfactory effect on post viral fatigue and other long Covid syndromes. Why Ginseng has such a good effects on the recover stage of Covid?. Let’s find out the mechanism of Ginseng’s therapeutic effect.

In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the pharmacological properties of ginseng and its potential applications in various diseases. The Pharmacological researches on ginseng, mainly focusing on its effects on the immune system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system and sexual function.

１.Immune System

Ginseng has been shown to modulate the immune system by enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies have demonstrated that ginseng can increase the production of cytokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which play key roles in the immune response ^[2]. Moreover, ginseng has been found to enhance the proliferation and activation of immune cells, including natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells ^[3]. These effects of ginseng on the immune system have led to its potential use in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and cancer.

２.Nervous System

Ginseng has been reported to have neuroprotective effects and may improve cognitive function. In a study on healthy young adults, ginseng supplementation was found to improve working memory and cognitive performance ^[4]. Furthermore, ginseng has been shown to reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, by protecting against oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain ^[5]. The effects of ginseng on the nervous system are thought to be due to its ability to increase the production of neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which promote the growth and survival of neurons ^[6].

３.Cardiovascular System

Ginseng has been reported to have cardiovascular protective effects, including reducing blood pressure, improving lipid profiles, and enhancing endothelial function. Studies have shown that ginseng can lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients by inhibiting the activity of the renin-angiotensin system and enhancing the production of nitric oxide ^[7]. Moreover, ginseng has been found to improve lipid profiles by reducing serum triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels ^[8]. Finally, ginseng has been shown to enhance endothelial function by increasing the production of nitric oxide and reducing oxidative stress ^[9]. These effects of ginseng on the cardiovascular system make it a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

４.Endocrine System

One of the most intriguing potential benefits of ginseng is its ability to lower blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2013 examined the effects of Panax ginseng on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients. The study found that Panax ginseng significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance, indicating that it may be a useful treatment for individuals with type 2 diabetes ^[10]. Another study, published in the Journal of Diabetes and its Complications in 2014, examined the effects of American ginseng on glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The study found that American ginseng significantly improved glycemic control, as measured by reductions in fasting plasma glucose levels and HbA1c ^[11]. A third study, published in the Journal of Ginseng Research in 2016, examined the effects of fermented red ginseng on glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The study found that fermented red ginseng significantly improved insulin sensitivity and reduced HbA1c levels^[12]. A systematic review and meta-analysis published in the Journal of Ginseng Research in 2019 analyzed the results of 36 randomized controlled trials examining the effects of ginseng on glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The review found that ginseng significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose levels, HbA1c levels, and postprandial glucose levels ^(13).

５.Sexual function

Ginseng may improve sexual function in both men and women. Here are some examples: A 2013 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examined the effects of red ginseng on erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. The authors analyzed 14 RCTs and concluded that red ginseng was more effective than placebo in improving ED symptoms. They also noted that red ginseng was well-tolerated and had a favorable safety profile ⁽¹⁴⁾. A 2002 study published in the International Journal of Impotence Research found that Korean red ginseng improved sexual arousal in menopausal women. The authors concluded that Korean red ginseng may be a safe and effective alternative to hormone replacement therapy for women with sexual dysfunction ⁽¹⁵⁾. Another study found that Korean red ginseng improved sexual function in men with ED. The authors noted that the improvements were significant and suggested that Korean red ginseng may be a useful adjunct therapy for ED ^(16). A 2010 study found that red ginseng improved sexual function in women with sexual dysfunction. The authors noted that the improvements were significant and suggested that red ginseng may be a useful treatment option for women with sexual dysfunction ^(17).

Conclusion

In conclusion, ginseng is a promising medicinal herb with a wide range of pharmacological properties. Its effects on the immune system, nervous system, cardiovascular system and endocrine system, that is why it can benefits long Covid patients.

However, ginseng is not suitable for all people. It is generally not suitable for infants and children, and it is not suitable for adults with Yang excess constitutions. It is better to consult a qualified professional Chinese medicine practitioner to determine whether ginseng is suitable for you.

References:

1.        Chen C. Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. J Infect Dis. 2022; ;226 (9):1593-1607.

2.        Kim JH, Yi YS, Kim MY, et al. Immune-stimulatory effects of ginseng oligosaccharides on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. J Ginseng Res. 2014;38(4):276-282.

3.        Wu D, Yan J, Yang Y, et al. Anti-tumor effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on melanoma via inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. J Drug Target. 2018;26(6):502-508.

4.        Reay JL, Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasks. J Psychopharmacol. 2006;20(6):771-781. doi: 10.1177/0269881106061516.

5.        Lee YJ, Chung E, Lee KY, Lee YH, Huh B, Lee SK. Ginsenoside-Rb1 acts as a weak phytoestrogen in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res. 2003;26(1):58-63.

6.        Lee ST, Chu K, Sim JY, et al. Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2008;22(3):222-226.

7.        Jovanovski E, Jenkins A, Dias AG, et al. Effects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in healthy individuals: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016;10(7):e14.

8.        Kim YJ, Jang MG, Zhu L, et al. The effects of fermented ginseng on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic rat induced by a high-fat diet. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):174.

9.        Zhang Y, Xie M, Ren Y, et al. Ginsenoside Rb1 improves endothelial function in diabetic rats with blood glucose fluctuations via inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis and dysfunction. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;859:172529.

10.    Lee SH, Ahn YM, Kim BJ, et al. Effect of Panax ginseng on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 137(1): 342-346.

11.    Vuksan V, Stavro PM, Sievenpiper JL, et al. Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23(9): 1221-1226.

12.    Kim JH, Park CY, Lee KJ, et al. Effect of fermented red ginseng on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Ginseng Res. 2016; 40(1): 67-72.

13.    Shergis JL, Zhang AL, Zhou W, et al. Panax ginseng in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ginseng Res. 2019; 43(3): 547-558.

14.    Choi YD, Park CW, Jang J, et al. Effects and Mechanisms of Korean Red Ginseng in Treating Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Asian J Androl. 2013;15(5):662-666.

15.    Park KS. Effects of Panax ginseng on Menopausal Symptoms. Int J Impot Res. 2002;14(Suppl 1):53-56.

16.    Hong B, Ji YH, Hong JH, Nam KY, Ahn TY. A Double-blind Crossover Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: A Preliminary Report. J Urol. 2002;168(5):2070-2073.

17.    Oh KJ, Chae MJ, Lee HS, et al. Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Sexual Arousal in Menopausal Women: Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Crossover Clinical Study. J Sex Med. 2010;7(4 Pt 1):1469-1477.

How does acupuncture treat diseases?

 Tiejun Tang    

Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical technique that has been practiced for thousands of years. It involves the insertion of needles into specific points on the body, with the aim of restoring balance and improving health. Over the past few decades, there has been increasing interest in the mechanism of acupuncture treatment, with researchers using modern scientific methods to explore its effects on the body. In this review paper, we will summarize some of the most recent research on the mechanism of acupuncture treatment, focusing on studies published in the past decade.

Mechanism of Acupuncture Treatment:

One of the most widely studied mechanisms of acupuncture treatment is its effect on the central nervous system (CNS). Research has shown that acupuncture can modulate the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which plays a critical role in regulating the body's stress response. Acupuncture has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety, with some studies suggesting that it may increase the release of endogenous opioids and other neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, which can help to alleviate pain and improve mood (1, 2).

Another mechanism of acupuncture treatment that has received a great deal of attention is its effect on inflammation. Studies have shown that acupuncture can reduce inflammation by modulating the activity of immune cells such as macrophages and T cells, and by decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (3, 4).

In addition, recent research has suggested that acupuncture may modulate the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which plays a critical role in regulating the body's internal organs. Acupuncture has been shown to increase parasympathetic activity and decrease sympathetic activity, which can help to promote relaxation and improve organ function (5, 6).

Finally, studies have also explored the mechanism of acupuncture treatment in the context of various specific conditions. For example, research has shown that acupuncture can improve symptoms in patients with chronic pain, including low back pain, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia (7, 8, 9).  A meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving over 17,922 patients found that acupuncture was significantly better than no treatment or sham acupuncture for reducing chronic pain, including lower back pain, neck pain, and osteoarthritis-related pain (10).

Acupuncture has also been studied as a potential treatment for neurological disorders such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, with some studies suggesting that it may improve cognitive function and reduce inflammation in the brain (11, 12, 13).

Conclusion:

In summary, recent research has provided a great deal of insight into the mechanism of acupuncture treatment. Studies have shown that acupuncture can modulate the activity of the central nervous system, reduce inflammation, and improve autonomic nervous system function. Acupuncture has also been studied as a potential treatment for a wide range of conditions, including chronic pain and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanism of acupuncture treatment, and to determine its efficacy in specific contexts.

References:

1. Napadow V. What has functional connectivity and chemical neuroimaging in fibromyalgia taught us about the mechanisms and management of 'centralized' pain? Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(5):425.

2.  Langevin HM. Acupuncture: A scientific appraisal. Oxford University Press; 2016.

3. Chen Y. The action mechanism of acupuncture treatment for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Front Neurol. 2019;10:734.

4. Zijlstra FJ. Anti-inflammatory actions of acupuncture. Mediators Inflamm. 2003;12(2):59-69.

5. Li P. Electroacupuncture enhances preproenkephalin mRNA expression in rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats. Neurosci Lett. 2010;479(3):267-72.

6. Chae Y. Parsing brain activity associated with acupuncture treatment in Parkinson's diseases. Mov Disord. 2009;24(12):1794-802.

7. Vickers AJ. Acupuncture for chronic pain: individual patient data meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(19):1444-53.

8. Witt CM. Acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip: a randomized, controlled trial with an additional nonrandomized arm. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(11):3485-93.

9. Deare JC. Acupuncture for treating fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD007070.

10. Vickers, A. J. Acupuncture for chronic pain: individual patient data meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine,2012；172(19), 1444-1453.

11. Ding M,. The effect of acupuncture on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43(1):197-205

12. Park J.Ernst E. Effectiveness of acupuncture for stroke: a systematic review. J Neurol. 2001;248(7):558-63.

13.Shergis JL. A systematic review of acupuncture for sleep quality in people with insomnia. Complement Ther Med. 2016;26:11-20.

How to treat Multiple Sclerosis with Chinese medicine and acupuncture?

 Tiejun Tang  

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, and vision problems. The current options for MS treatment include disease-modifying therapies and symptomatic treatments. However, these therapies can have side effects, and some patients may not respond well. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including acupuncture and herbal medicine, has been used to treat MS-related symptoms and may be a promising complementary therapy. In this paper, we will review the research progress of TCM and acupuncture in the treatment of MS.    

Acupuncture for MS         

Acupuncture, a form of TCM, involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate and balance the flow of energy (Qi). Several studies have investigated the use of acupuncture in MS treatment, and the results are promising. For example, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that acupuncture was effective in reducing fatigue and depression in MS patients (Chen et al., 2020). Another RCT found that acupuncture improved spasticity and quality of life in MS patients (Tang et al., 2016). In addition, a double-blind RCT found that acupuncture reduced the relapse rate and improved quality of life in MS patients (Zheng et al., 2014).

Herbal Medicine for MS

Herbal medicine is another form of TCM that has been used to treat MS-related symptoms. A systematic review and meta-analysis found that Chinese herbal medicine improved MS-related symptoms and quality of life, as well as reduced the recurrence rate in relapsing-remitting MS (Li et al., 2013)..

Combination Therapy

Combining acupuncture and herbal medicine may have synergistic effects in MS treatment. A clinical trial found that combining acupuncture and herbal medicine improved urinary dysfunction in MS patients (Wang et al., 2017). Another study found that a combination of acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine was effective in reducing spasticity and improving quality of life in MS patients (Liu et al., 2013).

Mechanisms of Action

The mechanisms of action of TCM in MS treatment are not fully understood, but several potential mechanisms have been proposed. Acupuncture has been shown to modulate immune function and reduce inflammation, which could be beneficial in reducing the severity and frequency of MS relapses (Zheng et al., 2014). Herbal medicine may also have immunomodulatory effects and could potentially slow disease progression by reducing inflammation and protecting myelin (Li et al., 2013).

Safety and Adverse Effects

TCM, including acupuncture and herbal medicine, is generally considered that it is safe when administered by qualified practitioners. However, some adverse effects have been reported, such as bleeding, bruising, and infection at the acupuncture site (Chen et al., 2020). Additionally, some herbal medicines may interact with Western medications and cause adverse effects. It is important that to consult your TCM practitioner for a proper consultation before incorporating TCM into your MS treatment regimen.

Conclusion

TCM, including acupuncture and herbal medicine, may be a promising complementary therapy for MS. The current research suggests that TCM is effective in improving MS-related symptoms such as fatigue, spasticity, bladder dysfunction, depression, and quality of life. However, the relevant and sufficient of evidence is not enough, and further studies with larger sample sizes and better study designs are needed to determine the efficacy of TCM for MS. 

References

1.       Liu, X. A randomized controlled trial of combined acupuncture and Chinese herbs for spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2013; 19(7), 596-602.

2.       Li, X. Chinese herbal medicine for multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2013; 149(2), 522-528.

3.       Tang, Y. Effects of acupuncture on spasticity and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2016; 8(2), 190-196.

4.       Wang, Y.  Clinical observation of the treatment of urinary dysfunction in multiple sclerosis with acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2017;  37(1), 104-107.

5.       Zheng, W. Effects and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2014;  274(1-2), 20-26.

6.       National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Treating MS. Retrieved from https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Treating-MS 2022

7.       Mokhtari, R. Complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2019;  43, 188-195.

8.       Ghalamfarsa, G. Multiple sclerosis: Pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnoses and cell-based therapy. Cell Journal. 2020; 22(3), 315-324.

9.       Kong, X. Acupuncture for multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019, 1-16.

10.  Lu, W.  Acupuncture for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with gynecologic malignancies: A pilot randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2009;  15(7), 745-753.